F-kB signaling have been reported. Several studies investigated the inhibitory effect 21825001 of PPARc and its agonists on the activity of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kB kinase complex. The IKBKG is the subunit of the IKK complex indispensable for the activation of NF-kB. Considering its critical role, we propose the model in which down-regulation of NEMO in the mid and the late phases of HF response could be the most important regulatory event controlling the shut-down of NF-kB driven inflammatory response at the switch point between stressed and pathological hepatic state. In addition to NEMO, other two IKK related genes and the gene coding for NF-kB subunit RelB also show characteristic early induction and late repression transcription mode. The coincident opposite transcriptional activity of PPARc and its target pathways suggests that the two regulatory events may be interdependent. This hypothesis is supported by the 21505263 recent studies showing that NEMO has an essential physiological role in preventing the spontaneous development of hepatic steatosis preceding hepatocellular carcinoma and that the hepatic ablation of NEMO in mice fed HF diet increases PPARc mRNA levels and aggravates hepatic steatosis. The suggested mechanism of the mutual repression of PPAR and NEMO/NF-kB regulators during their coordination of the transition from early to the late phase of HFresponse remains to be confirmed by biochemical studies. The relevance of the proposed model of the transition from high-fat induced metabolic stress to metabolic syndrome in ApoE3L mice The dynamic functional landscape of the hepatic transcriptional adaptation to excess dietary fat during the 16-week time-course suggests a model in which sequential physiological changes underlie the transition from metabolic stress to metabolic syndrome, Hepatic Effects of HF Diets Hepatic Effects of HF Diets important to note that the late repression of the hepatic NF-kB driven inflammatory/immune response may not seem in line with the established model of the obesity-associated inflammation, well studied in the adipose tissue. The previously 
shown association of inflammatory signaling pathways with obesity and hepatic steatosis is the most prominent feature observed in our data. Nevertheless, the assumption that, similar to the situation in adipose tissue, hepatic inflammation is secondary to hepatic steatosis is not supported by our findings. In fact, our results show that the temporal order of events contradicts this assumption, at least during the examined time frame and in our mouse model. Extending the duration of treatment and/or increasing amount of excess dietary fat would likely provoke AZD-2171 price transitions to further grades of severity in hepatic pathology such as hepatosteatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To fully understand the complex relationship between inflammation and metabolic syndrome, information originating from different organs and at various time points needs to be considered on the systems level. Finally, the identified central role of ppar and nemo/nf-kb regulators in coordinating the onset and progression of metabolic syndrome may have important implications in treatment of the disease. currently, pparc ligands are used in clinics for their antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects in diseases such as psoriasis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and type 2 diabetes. our results suggest that pparc activation could also have negative effects
