g Ccnd1 was apparent in the mutant CbA at this stage, and some of these cells were ectopically located within the cerebellar VZ of the Fgfr2 cKO embryos. The glial high affinity glutamate transporter Glast is expressed in RG and BG cells and fibers. Despite an apparently normal formation of the Glast+ RG fiber scaffold in the CbA of the mutant embryos, and concordantly with the decreased Ccnd1+ cells in this region, the Glast+ signal appeared to be reduced in the mutant PCL. Because the PC and GCP defects appeared only at around E17.5 detection in the E16.5 EGL), i.e. at least one day after the BG defects were detected in the Fgfr2 cKO embryos, we concluded that the reduced numbers of RG/BG precursors/cells and the ectopic positioning of BG cells in the mutant EGL are the primary cerebellar defects in the Fgfr2 cKO embryos. Reduced cell survival in the anterior CbA of the Fgfr2 cKO embryos The reduced numbers of Sox2+/Blbp+ and Tnc+ RG/BG precursors/cells, and the disrupted formation of the presumptive anterior PCL, suggested that the proliferation of the BG and/or PC progenitors located in the VZ of the mutant CbA 
and/or their survival might also be affected in the absence of Fgfr2. The latter possibility was more likely in the Fgfr2 cKO embryos because Fgfr2 is not expressed in the cerebellar VZ and Fgfr1 expression was not altered in this region of the mutant CbA. Vercirnon custom synthesis Indeed, the numbers of mitotic cells in the VZ of the CbA were not significantly different between control and Fgfr2 cKO embryos at E16.5, suggesting that the proliferation of BG and/or PC progenitors was not affected in the mutant embryos at this stage. The numbers of apoptotic cells, by contrast, were significantly increased by,1.7-fold in the anterior CbA of the Fgfr2 cKO embryos at E16.5, indicating that cell survival within the CbA was compromised in the mutant embryos. The increased apoptotic cell death in the anterior CbA of the Fgfr2 cKO embryos coincided with a slight but not significant decrease of the total area of the mutant CbA by,9% at E16.5 and,10% at E18.5. Because the increased number of apoptotic cells corresponded with the decreased number of Tnc+ cells, we concluded that the reduced number of 10073321 RG/BG precursors/cells in the mutant CbA might also be due to a reduced survival of these cells in the absence of FGFR2 signaling. The generation of the EGL and GCPs was not affected in the Fgfr2 cKO embryos, as determined by the normal expression of Atoh1, a transcription factor required for EGL and GCP development, in the developing mutant CbA at E16.5 and E18.5. We also determined whether the proliferation and cell-cycle exit of GCPs in the anterior EGL might have been 15863272 affected in the Fgfr2 cKO embryos. The density of Pax6+ GCPs and proliferating cells in the anterior EGL, as well as the fraction of proliferating Pax6+ GCPs that had incorporated EdU after a single pulse given 24 h before, were not significantly different between control and mutant embryos at E18.5, indicating that the numbers and the proliferation/cell-cycle exit of Pax6+ GCPs in the anterior EGL were not affected by the loss of Fgfr2 expression in the CbA. Together, the previous results suggested that FGFR2-mediated signaling is also required for the proper survival of RG/BG precursors/cells and PCs within the CbA. FGFR2 in Bergmann Glia Development FGF target gene activation is almost completely abolished in the CbA of the Fgfr2 cKO embryos To confirm that FGF signaling was in fact reduced or a
