escribed increased production of endocrine cells, principally polyhormonal in nature,, an effect we have also observed. Sectioning of undifferentiated aggregates and aggregates at the end of Stages-2 and -4, confirmed that distinct Oritavancin (diphosphate) price transitions in cellular architecture occurred during PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189364 differentiation. Using this modified protocol, a series of thirty-seven independent differentiation runs were carried out to assess the reproducibility of this scalable manufacturing process. To minimize technical dissimilarity from batch-to-batch and between multiple handlers, tight controls on cell culture variables were implemented. Each process began with a thaw from one of the large-scale single cell CyT49 hESC banks, followed by acute expansion in adherent culture. These scaled cultures maintained a normal karyotype. Starting from expanded undifferentiated cultures of typically 6.66108 CyT49 cells, hESC were aggregated and differentiated en masse. Extensive analyses of gene expression and cellular composition were used to characterize differentiating aggregates. Rare OCT4immunoreactive cells persisted until day 5 of differentiation at the latest, and at this time point were only detected in small pockets of cells within aggregates that consisted predominantly of OCT42/FOXA2+ target endoderm cells. These OCT4+ cells also expressed SOX2, but not NANOG, indicating that they were not likely to be pluripotent stem cells. By the end of Stage-4, nuclear-localized NKX6-1 and PDX1 transcription factors were detected in aggregates, marking PE in a mixed pancreatic population that also included NKX2-2+ and CHGA+ endocrine cells. Some non-endocrine PDX1+ cells that did not 
express NKX6-1 were present as well; it is not known if these cells represent an earlier stage of PDX1+ pancreatic progenitors, or a non-pancreatic lineage such as posterior stomach, or duodenum. Unlike NKX6-1+/PDX1+/2 PE, which has demonstrated islet cell neogenesis potential in vivo, the potential for NKX6-12/PDX1+ endoderm to contribute to functional b-cell mass in vivo is at this point unclear. We also assessed the cellular compositions of undifferentiated d0 aggregates, and at day 2, day 12 and day 16 of differentiation using flow cytometry. The proportion of SOX17+/FOXA2+ cells increased from a rare 1.76% at d0, to 99.0% of the population after two days of differentiation, indicating highly efficient specification of definitive endoderm. The composition of each of the thirty-seven scaled differentiation runs was examined at Stage-4, demonstrating that a large majority of differentiated cells expressed CHGA, NKX6-1, or PDX1. Differentiation runs contained 4065% immature endocrine or poly-hormonal cells, 1647% PE cells, and 7 32% PDX1-expressing endoderm. Typically, fewer than 2% of cells failed to be demarcated by any of these three markers, compared to the,10% that were observed in the best examples of our previous plate-based adherent differentiation methodology. While the proportions of distinct cell subsets varied to some extent among differentiation runs, the low frequency of unidentified cell types was consistently observed. Differentiation runs extended to d16 did not differ markedly in cellular composition from d12 populations, although immuofluorescent analyses confirmed that expression of endocrine hormones became more robust. To compare the outcomes of the differentiation process from different banks, as well as to model lot-to-lot variation, we focused a more detailed analysis
