Urine Astrovirus in Laboratory MiceTable 2. Cont.Hosting facility University M University OStrain unknown BALB/c ICR# of Positive 3 1# of Tested 10 5 5 3Percentage Positive 30 20 20 10781694 0 0 67 100 36 0 67 0 100 100 33 0 20 0 100 0 0 67 0 100 0 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 50University P University Q University RICR ICR B6J BALB/c ICR 2 13 1 11University SB6J ICR3University TB6J ICR unknown 1 11 1 3University U University VICR B6J ICR5University W University XB6J B6J B6N ICR unknown 21 1 5 3University Y University Z University AAICR B6J B6J BALB/c C3H 11 1 1 1University ABC3H ICR 11 1 2University AC University AD University AEBALB/c ICR B6J ICRdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066937.tpathology using histopathological microscopy, virus replication may incur fitness cost and distress or otherwise affect immunological reactions. The effects of co-infections including MuAstV are also not known, as are the consequences of MuAstV in different immunodeficient strains. In studies using mice as models for cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, the presence of MuAstV might affect outcomes and the interpretation of laboratory results. Since MuAstV infects immunocompromised mice readily and chronically [24], it may also be useful as an animal model for the investigation of astrovirus infections. This study demonstrates 16985061 the utility of metagenomic analyses in identifying previously unrecognized viral infections in laboratory animals. The same MuAstV was recently characterized in an animal facility at the University of Cincinnati, OH, USA by Frakas et al using a consensus PCR approach [37] and at Washington University MO, USA by Yokoyama et al using a metagenomics approach [24] similar to that used here in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent laboratory mice as 301-00-8 site wellas from three commercial vendors in the USA [24] indicating a wide distribution in North American laboratories. This study supplements previous studies by demonstrating a wider presence of Table 3. Percentage of MuAstV PCR positives in cecum samples from five different mice strains (n.10) in Japan facilities.Strain B6J BALB/c ICR IQI NOD-SCID# of Positive 5 8 29 0# of Tested 38 37 176 14Percentage 13 22 16 0 0doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066937.tMurine Astrovirus in Laboratory MiceMuAstV in many strains, facilities and geographical 16960-16-0 price regions (US and Japan), and by showing viral sequence divergence in different facilities worldwide. While no other viral sequences were observed in the two laboratory mice tissue virome, further studies of rodents and other laboratory animals may reveal the presence of more unsuspected viral infections underlining the need for continuous metagenomic screening particularly of immunodeficient animals to ensure their wellness as well as the accuracy and reproducibility of biomedical research using animals.AcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank the administrative staff at BSRI for their support.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TN NH HS MOM ED. Performed the experiments: TN NOK RU YC AIB WW PAP MOM. Analyzed the data: TN NOK NH RU YC WW PAP MOM ED. Wrote the paper: TN NOK MOM ED.
NAD is an ubiquitous and essential coenzyme involved in a huge number of redox reactions in all forms of cellular life. In addition, NAD is utilized as a co-substrate in a variety of non redox reactions playing an important role in DNA replication, DNA repair, RNA ligation, cell differentiation, and cellular signal transduction [1,2,3]. Specific.Urine Astrovirus in Laboratory MiceTable 2. Cont.Hosting facility University M University OStrain unknown BALB/c ICR# of Positive 3 1# of Tested 10 5 5 3Percentage Positive 30 20 20 10781694 0 0 67 100 36 0 67 0 100 100 33 0 20 0 100 0 0 67 0 100 0 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 50University P University Q University RICR ICR B6J BALB/c ICR 2 13 1 11University SB6J ICR3University TB6J ICR unknown 1 11 1 3University U University VICR B6J ICR5University W University XB6J B6J B6N ICR unknown 21 1 5 3University Y University Z University AAICR B6J B6J BALB/c C3H 11 1 1 1University ABC3H ICR 11 1 2University AC University AD University AEBALB/c ICR B6J ICRdoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066937.tpathology using histopathological microscopy, virus replication may incur fitness cost and distress or otherwise affect immunological reactions. The effects of co-infections including MuAstV are also not known, as are the consequences of MuAstV in different immunodeficient strains. In studies using mice as models for cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, the presence of MuAstV might affect outcomes and the interpretation of laboratory results. Since MuAstV infects immunocompromised mice readily and chronically [24], it may also be useful as an animal model for the investigation of astrovirus infections. This study demonstrates 16985061 the utility of metagenomic analyses in identifying previously unrecognized viral infections in laboratory animals. The same MuAstV was recently characterized in an animal facility at the University of Cincinnati, OH, USA by Frakas et al using a consensus PCR approach [37] and at Washington University MO, USA by Yokoyama et al using a metagenomics approach [24] similar to that used here in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent laboratory mice as wellas from three commercial vendors in the USA [24] indicating a wide distribution in North American laboratories. This study supplements previous studies by demonstrating a wider presence of Table 3. Percentage of MuAstV PCR positives in cecum samples from five different mice strains (n.10) in Japan facilities.Strain B6J BALB/c ICR IQI NOD-SCID# of Positive 5 8 29 0# of Tested 38 37 176 14Percentage 13 22 16 0 0doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066937.tMurine Astrovirus in Laboratory MiceMuAstV in many strains, facilities and geographical regions (US and Japan), and by showing viral sequence divergence in different facilities worldwide. While no other viral sequences were observed in the two laboratory mice tissue virome, further studies of rodents and other laboratory animals may reveal the presence of more unsuspected viral infections underlining the need for continuous metagenomic screening particularly of immunodeficient animals to ensure their wellness as well as the accuracy and reproducibility of biomedical research using animals.AcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank the administrative staff at BSRI for their support.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: TN NH HS MOM ED. Performed the experiments: TN NOK RU YC AIB WW PAP MOM. Analyzed the data: TN NOK NH RU YC WW PAP MOM ED. Wrote the paper: TN NOK MOM ED.
NAD is an ubiquitous and essential coenzyme involved in a huge number of redox reactions in all forms of cellular life. In addition, NAD is utilized as a co-substrate in a variety of non redox reactions playing an important role in DNA replication, DNA repair, RNA ligation, cell differentiation, and cellular signal transduction [1,2,3]. Specific.
