Ern at stage 9, panels 6 and 10 show a pair-rule pattern at stage 5, and panels 11?3 show late CNS staining at stage 16. Embryos located above the genomic DNA line were hybridized with antisense probes (with respect to inv), embryos located below the line were hybridized with sense probes (with respect to inv). Filled red boxes are the locations of PREs (as evidence by PcG binding and by PRE activity in transgenes). PcG protein binding sites, depicted with open red box, are where Pho was reported to bind in ChIP/chip studies in larvae and embryos [39]. Green boxes indicate the locations of regions reported to be transcribed [31,32]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048765.gpattern of ci. Pho-FLAG expression was detected in a few cell of the CNS, coincident with cells that express En, when driven by the en-GAL4 driver (data not shown). There was no expression of PhoFLAG in the CNS when driven by the ci-GAL4 driver (data not shown). These results confirm that FLAG-tagged proteins are expressed in the desired cell populations. Note that the posterior compartment comprises only about a third of the cells of the imaginal disc [35], thus there are about twice 25331948 as many cells expressing FLAG-tagged proteins with the ci-driver as with the endriver. Consistent with this, quantitative RT-PCR showed there is approximately twice as much Pho-FLAG mRNA in ci-driven samples versus en-driven samples (Fig. 2G). Next, we compared the polytene chromosome-binding pattern of the FLAG-tagged proteins to the binding pattern of an endogenous PcG protein. For these experiments, FLAG-tagged proteins were driven ubiquitously with arm-GAL4. Pho-FLAG was detected on chromosomes in a pattern that Octapressin cost completely overlapped with endogenous Polycomb (Pc) protein (Fig. 3A). There were some Pc bands that did not contain Pho-FLAG. There are two reasons for this: one, the detection of the Pho-Flag is relatively weak, and two, endogenous Pho does not bind all Pc sites in polytene chromosomes. Similarly, Esc-FLAG and Sce-FLAG largely overlap with endogenous Pho bands on polytene chromosomes (Fig. 3B and data not shown). For Scm, we examined the overlap with the PRE DNA binding protein Spps [36] and again saw a nearly complete overlap (Fig. 3C).To test whether the FLAG-tagged proteins are functional, we ubiquitously expressed FLAG-tagged PcG proteins in flies with mutations or deletions for the respective genes to look for rescue. Esc-FLAG and Sce-FLAG completely rescued esc and Sce mutant flies, with no observable PcG or homeotic phenotypes. Pho-FLAG rescued pho flies with 10 of adult males showing moderate A4?A5 transformations. 317318-84-6 FLAG-Scm rescued Scm mutant flies, with about 70 of males exhibiting extra sex combs on the 2nd and 3rd legs. It is not surprising that minor PcG phenotypes are observed in some experiments, as the timing and level of expression of FLAG-tagged proteins, under the control of the UAS/GAL4 system, are not likely to perfectly match endogenous expression. Considering this, we conclude that the FLAG-tagged PcG proteins are functional, and that ChIP experiments carried out with these proteins would faithfully reflect results obtained with endogenous proteins. The validated FLAG-tagged proteins were used in X-ChIP experiments. FLAG-tagged PcG proteins were driven in flies with the en-GAL4 (“ON”) and ci-GAL4 drivers (“OFF”). Imaginal disc sets, along with the central nervous system, were collected from 3rd instar larvae, processed for X-ChIP, and analyzed with qPCR.Ern at stage 9, panels 6 and 10 show a pair-rule pattern at stage 5, and panels 11?3 show late CNS staining at stage 16. Embryos located above the genomic DNA line were hybridized with antisense probes (with respect to inv), embryos located below the line were hybridized with sense probes (with respect to inv). Filled red boxes are the locations of PREs (as evidence by PcG binding and by PRE activity in transgenes). PcG protein binding sites, depicted with open red box, are where Pho was reported to bind in ChIP/chip studies in larvae and embryos [39]. Green boxes indicate the locations of regions reported to be transcribed [31,32]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048765.gpattern of ci. Pho-FLAG expression was detected in a few cell of the CNS, coincident with cells that express En, when driven by the en-GAL4 driver (data not shown). There was no expression of PhoFLAG in the CNS when driven by the ci-GAL4 driver (data not shown). These results confirm that FLAG-tagged proteins are expressed in the desired cell populations. Note that the posterior compartment comprises only about a third of the cells of the imaginal disc [35], thus there are about twice 25331948 as many cells expressing FLAG-tagged proteins with the ci-driver as with the endriver. Consistent with this, quantitative RT-PCR showed there is approximately twice as much Pho-FLAG mRNA in ci-driven samples versus en-driven samples (Fig. 2G). Next, we compared the polytene chromosome-binding pattern of the FLAG-tagged proteins to the binding pattern of an endogenous PcG protein. For these experiments, FLAG-tagged proteins were driven ubiquitously with arm-GAL4. Pho-FLAG was detected on chromosomes in a pattern that completely overlapped with endogenous Polycomb (Pc) protein (Fig. 3A). There were some Pc bands that did not contain Pho-FLAG. There are two reasons for this: one, the detection of the Pho-Flag is relatively weak, and two, endogenous Pho does not bind all Pc sites in polytene chromosomes. Similarly, Esc-FLAG and Sce-FLAG largely overlap with endogenous Pho bands on polytene chromosomes (Fig. 3B and data not shown). For Scm, we examined the overlap with the PRE DNA binding protein Spps [36] and again saw a nearly complete overlap (Fig. 3C).To test whether the FLAG-tagged proteins are functional, we ubiquitously expressed FLAG-tagged PcG proteins in flies with mutations or deletions for the respective genes to look for rescue. Esc-FLAG and Sce-FLAG completely rescued esc and Sce mutant flies, with no observable PcG or homeotic phenotypes. Pho-FLAG rescued pho flies with 10 of adult males showing moderate A4?A5 transformations. FLAG-Scm rescued Scm mutant flies, with about 70 of males exhibiting extra sex combs on the 2nd and 3rd legs. It is not surprising that minor PcG phenotypes are observed in some experiments, as the timing and level of expression of FLAG-tagged proteins, under the control of the UAS/GAL4 system, are not likely to perfectly match endogenous expression. Considering this, we conclude that the FLAG-tagged PcG proteins are functional, and that ChIP experiments carried out with these proteins would faithfully reflect results obtained with endogenous proteins. The validated FLAG-tagged proteins were used in X-ChIP experiments. FLAG-tagged PcG proteins were driven in flies with the en-GAL4 (“ON”) and ci-GAL4 drivers (“OFF”). Imaginal disc sets, along with the central nervous system, were collected from 3rd instar larvae, processed for X-ChIP, and analyzed with qPCR.
