S. 4 AG-490 site Cognitive scores were in the direction of higher score indicated better performance with the exception of the BVRT and Trails A and B.Beydoun et al.most part, we considered those hypotheses to be independent, given that cognitive domains included in each test were distinctive. Our analyses adjusted for multiple testing accounting for multiplicity of exposures. Finally, residual confounding and selection bias could explain some positive findings and low power may underlie some negative findings. In conclusion, associations of caffeine and alcohol intake and nutrient adequacy with longitudinal cognitive performance are mixed in this sample of older adults. Consistent with prior studies, potential beneficial effects were found for some measures, but not others, with moderation by baseline age and sex. Although findings for alcohol consumption were mixed, the findings were generally supportive of the idea that a high-quality diet and higher caffeine intake may benefit cognition acutely and even prevent BX795 structure age-related declines in certain cognitive domains, including global cognition, verbal memory, and attention. Further longitudinal studies conducted on larger samples of adults are needed to determine whether dietary factors individually or in combination are modifiers of cognitive trajectories among adults. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Melissa Kitner-Triolo and Dr. Lori L. Beason-Held (NIA/NIH/IRP) for their internal review and comments on the manuscript. M.A.B. wrote and revised the manuscript, planned analysis, performed data management and statistical analysis, and had primary responsibility for the final content; A.A.G. wrote and revised parts of the manuscript, and participated in the literature review and plan of analysis; H.A.B. participated in the literature search and review and in the revision of the manuscript; T.T. wrote and revised parts of the manuscript and participated in the literature search and plan of analysis; K.L.T. participated in data acquisition, wrote and revised parts of the manuscript, and participated in the literature search and plan of analysis; S.A.T. wrote and revised parts of the manuscript and participated in the literature search and plan of analysis; L.F. participated in data acquisition and plan of analysis, and revised the manuscript; and A.B.Z. participated in data acquisition, plan of analysis, and write-up and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. 18.19.20. 21.22.23.Literature Cited1. Moritz DJ, Kasl SV, Berkman LF. Cognitive functioning and the incidence of limitations in activities of daily living in an elderly community sample. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:41?. Del Parigi A, Panza F, Capurso C, Solfrizzi V. Nutritional factors, cognitive decline, and dementia. Brain Res Bull. 2006;69:1?9. Arab L, Khan F, Lam H. Epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between tea, coffee, or caffeine consumption and cognitive decline. Adv Nutr. 2013;4:115?2. Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2008;37:505?2. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, Purandare N, Lang IA, Ukoumunne OC, Llewellyn DJ. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review. Epidemiology. 2013;24:479?9. James JE. Caffeine health. London: Academic Press; 1991. Battig K, Buzzi R. Effect of coffee on the speed of subject-paced ?information process.S. 4 Cognitive scores were in the direction of higher score indicated better performance with the exception of the BVRT and Trails A and B.Beydoun et al.most part, we considered those hypotheses to be independent, given that cognitive domains included in each test were distinctive. Our analyses adjusted for multiple testing accounting for multiplicity of exposures. Finally, residual confounding and selection bias could explain some positive findings and low power may underlie some negative findings. In conclusion, associations of caffeine and alcohol intake and nutrient adequacy with longitudinal cognitive performance are mixed in this sample of older adults. Consistent with prior studies, potential beneficial effects were found for some measures, but not others, with moderation by baseline age and sex. Although findings for alcohol consumption were mixed, the findings were generally supportive of the idea that a high-quality diet and higher caffeine intake may benefit cognition acutely and even prevent age-related declines in certain cognitive domains, including global cognition, verbal memory, and attention. Further longitudinal studies conducted on larger samples of adults are needed to determine whether dietary factors individually or in combination are modifiers of cognitive trajectories among adults. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Melissa Kitner-Triolo and Dr. Lori L. Beason-Held (NIA/NIH/IRP) for their internal review and comments on the manuscript. M.A.B. wrote and revised the manuscript, planned analysis, performed data management and statistical analysis, and had primary responsibility for the final content; A.A.G. wrote and revised parts of the manuscript, and participated in the literature review and plan of analysis; H.A.B. participated in the literature search and review and in the revision of the manuscript; T.T. wrote and revised parts of the manuscript and participated in the literature search and plan of analysis; K.L.T. participated in data acquisition, wrote and revised parts of the manuscript, and participated in the literature search and plan of analysis; S.A.T. wrote and revised parts of the manuscript and participated in the literature search and plan of analysis; L.F. participated in data acquisition and plan of analysis, and revised the manuscript; and A.B.Z. participated in data acquisition, plan of analysis, and write-up and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17. 18.19.20. 21.22.23.Literature Cited1. Moritz DJ, Kasl SV, Berkman LF. Cognitive functioning and the incidence of limitations in activities of daily living in an elderly community sample. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:41?. Del Parigi A, Panza F, Capurso C, Solfrizzi V. Nutritional factors, cognitive decline, and dementia. Brain Res Bull. 2006;69:1?9. Arab L, Khan F, Lam H. Epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between tea, coffee, or caffeine consumption and cognitive decline. Adv Nutr. 2013;4:115?2. Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2008;37:505?2. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, Purandare N, Lang IA, Ukoumunne OC, Llewellyn DJ. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review. Epidemiology. 2013;24:479?9. James JE. Caffeine health. London: Academic Press; 1991. Battig K, Buzzi R. Effect of coffee on the speed of subject-paced ?information process.
