Had lower scores on the PIT compared to TD individuals, dunb = 0.63 [0.29, 0.96] (see Table 2). Additionally, weighted total scores were positively associated with age, r = .23[.07, .38], and VIQ, r = .37 [.22, .50]. Visual inspection of the diagnosis x age interaction indicated that TD individuals had higher weighted total scores than individuals with ASD at younger but not older ages (see Figure 1); visual inspection of the age x VIQ interaction AviptadilMedChemExpress Aviptadil suggested that individuals with higher VIQ scores had higher weighted total scores than individuals with lower VIQ scores at younger but not older ages (see Figure 2 for a graphical depiction of this interaction). Subscale Scores In accordance with our predictions and with previous research, further examination of the physical and ToM (other vs. emotional) raw scores is warranted to investigate potential Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (human, rat, mouse, rabbit, canine, porcine) web contributions of the type of inferential response to overall performance on the PIT. Correct Physical Scores–The model with diagnosis only was the best-fitting model, and was preferred to the null model by a factor of 182-to-1. The model with group diagnosis was preferred to the model with VIQ only, by a factor of 992-to-1, and was preferred to the model with age only, by factor of 1,026-to-1. Correct Other-ToM Responses–The model with a main effect of age and VIQ, and an age x VIQ interaction was found to be the best-fitting model. Importantly, the null model was preferred to the model with only diagnosis by a factor of 5.6-to-1. This result suggests substantial evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the number of correct other-ToM responses is invariant to a diagnosis of ASD. The number of correct other ToM responses were positively associated with age, r = .20[.04, .35], and VIQ, r = .26 [.11, .41]. Visual inspection of the age x VIQ interaction suggested that individuals with higher VIQ scores had higher other-ToM responses than individuals with lower VIQ scores at younger but not older ages (see Figure 3 for a depiction of this interaction).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Autism Dev Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 September 01.Bodner et al.PageCorrect Emotion-ToM Responses–The best-fitting model for this outcome included a main effect of VIQ, but, as predicted, a main effect of diagnosis. This model was preferred to the null model by a factor of 1,307-to-1. Moreover, this model was preferred to a model with only VIQ (i.e., dropping the diagnosis term) by a factor of 31-to-1. This pattern of results indicates substantial evidence in favor of the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have greater difficulty with emotion ToM responses compared to TD individuals, dunb = 0.57 [0.24, 0.90] (see Table 2). Bivariate Analyses Pearson’s correlations and 95 CIs were calculated to investigate the relationship between inference making abilities on the PIT and metalinguistic ability (TLC-E) for participants with ASD (see Table 3). Correlations were calculated using the 3 raw scores on the TLC (sum of subtests and subtests 2 4) and PIT responses (see previous model comparisons). TLC-E raw scores were used because there are no norms for individuals over the age of 18 years. In general, the PIT scores (weighted total, other-ToM, and emotion-ToM) were moderately to highly correlated with the TLC-E scales. However, the correlation between PIT physical responses and TLC-E scores were markedly lower. Results from the TLC-E subtest analyses were.Had lower scores on the PIT compared to TD individuals, dunb = 0.63 [0.29, 0.96] (see Table 2). Additionally, weighted total scores were positively associated with age, r = .23[.07, .38], and VIQ, r = .37 [.22, .50]. Visual inspection of the diagnosis x age interaction indicated that TD individuals had higher weighted total scores than individuals with ASD at younger but not older ages (see Figure 1); visual inspection of the age x VIQ interaction suggested that individuals with higher VIQ scores had higher weighted total scores than individuals with lower VIQ scores at younger but not older ages (see Figure 2 for a graphical depiction of this interaction). Subscale Scores In accordance with our predictions and with previous research, further examination of the physical and ToM (other vs. emotional) raw scores is warranted to investigate potential contributions of the type of inferential response to overall performance on the PIT. Correct Physical Scores–The model with diagnosis only was the best-fitting model, and was preferred to the null model by a factor of 182-to-1. The model with group diagnosis was preferred to the model with VIQ only, by a factor of 992-to-1, and was preferred to the model with age only, by factor of 1,026-to-1. Correct Other-ToM Responses–The model with a main effect of age and VIQ, and an age x VIQ interaction was found to be the best-fitting model. Importantly, the null model was preferred to the model with only diagnosis by a factor of 5.6-to-1. This result suggests substantial evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the number of correct other-ToM responses is invariant to a diagnosis of ASD. The number of correct other ToM responses were positively associated with age, r = .20[.04, .35], and VIQ, r = .26 [.11, .41]. Visual inspection of the age x VIQ interaction suggested that individuals with higher VIQ scores had higher other-ToM responses than individuals with lower VIQ scores at younger but not older ages (see Figure 3 for a depiction of this interaction).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Autism Dev Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 September 01.Bodner et al.PageCorrect Emotion-ToM Responses–The best-fitting model for this outcome included a main effect of VIQ, but, as predicted, a main effect of diagnosis. This model was preferred to the null model by a factor of 1,307-to-1. Moreover, this model was preferred to a model with only VIQ (i.e., dropping the diagnosis term) by a factor of 31-to-1. This pattern of results indicates substantial evidence in favor of the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have greater difficulty with emotion ToM responses compared to TD individuals, dunb = 0.57 [0.24, 0.90] (see Table 2). Bivariate Analyses Pearson’s correlations and 95 CIs were calculated to investigate the relationship between inference making abilities on the PIT and metalinguistic ability (TLC-E) for participants with ASD (see Table 3). Correlations were calculated using the 3 raw scores on the TLC (sum of subtests and subtests 2 4) and PIT responses (see previous model comparisons). TLC-E raw scores were used because there are no norms for individuals over the age of 18 years. In general, the PIT scores (weighted total, other-ToM, and emotion-ToM) were moderately to highly correlated with the TLC-E scales. However, the correlation between PIT physical responses and TLC-E scores were markedly lower. Results from the TLC-E subtest analyses were.
