Superoxide dismutase activities. Conclusions: We concluded that all physical activity protocols improved the antioxidant systems of the animals and decreased the storage of triglycerides in the investigated tissues. Keywords: Physical exercise, liver damage, oxidative stress, ratsBackground The increase in the incidence of obesity in industrialized countries in recent years has been associated with a decrease in daily energy expenditure. Studies indicate that, for the last 20 years, daily caloric intake has decreased; however, energy expenditure by means of physical activity has decreased even more. Thus, it is believed that the ongoing obesity epidemic might be more related to a reduction in physical activity than to an increase in caloric intake [1]. Obesity is associated with the appearance of systemic metabolic disorders, such as glucose intolerance,* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Physical Education Department, S Paulo State University – UNESP, 24-A Av. 1515, Rio Claro, Zip Code:13607-331, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the articlehyperinsulinemia, increased triglyceridemia, HDL cholesterol reduction and arterial hypertension. These disorders are highly associated with cardiovascular disease. This association is known as metabolic get BX795 syndrome [2]. It is estimated that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 34 among adults and 50-60 in the population over 60 years of age in the United States, which constitutes a serious medical-social and economic problem [3,4]. Metabolic syndrome patients may also exhibit a state of chronic inflammation caused by an increased dependence on lipids as an energy source, which leads to the formation of oxygen reactive species and subsequent cell structure damage and protein structure disarray [5]. Physical activity is an important tool for the prevention of metabolic syndrome. It has been shown that aerobic training improves metabolic syndrome markers?2011 Botezelli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Botezelli et al. Diabetology Metabolic Syndrome 2011, 3:35 http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/3/1/Page 2 ofand tissue triglycerides content [6]. Also, the strength exercise can ameliorate the muscle loss and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant subjects [7,8]. Also, both aerobic and strength exercise can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity [6-9]. For this reason, this study sought to determine the effects of an aerobic, a strength and a concurrent (aerobic plus strength) exercise protocols on metabolic syndrome markers, lipid peroxidation markers and antioxidant enzyme activity in Wistar rats.Rats PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437915 were placed in shallow water for 10 min for three days. The water depth was then increased, as was the effort length and load (1 body weight in the form of lead ballasts placed in a Velcro?backpack attached to the thorax) carried by animals. By the fourth day, animals swam for 5 min in deep water. The length of time was increased by 10 min each day until the 12th day of adaptation [12].Strength training adaptationMethodsAnimals and handlingThirty-two freshly weaned Wistar rats were used in this study. Animals were kept in shared cages (four animals per cage) at a controlled temp.
