[email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (T.T.); [email protected] (T.O.); [email protected] (H.M.) Division of Omics Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; [email protected] R D Center, Biofermin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kobe 651-2242, Japan; [email protected] (H.Y.); [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (H.O.) Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 81-798-45-Citation: Nakanishi, T.; Fukui, H.; Wang, X.; Nishiumi, S.; Yokota, H.; Makizaki, Y.; Tanaka, Y.; Ohno, H.; Tomita, T.; Oshima, T.; et al. Impact of a High-Fat Diet program around the SmallIntestinal Atmosphere and Mucosal Integrity within the Gut-Liver Axis. Cells 2021, 10, 3168. ten.3390/cells10113168 Academic Editor: Lindsey Devisscher Received: 7 September 2021 Accepted: 11 November 2021 Published: 14 NovemberAbstract: While high-fat diet program (HFD)-related dysbiosis is involved within the improvement of steatohepatitis, its pathophysiology specifically within the tiny intestine remains unclear. We comprehensively investigated not simply the liver pathology but additionally the microbiome profile, mucosal integrity and luminal environment in the smaller intestine of mice with HFD-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice had been fed either a standard diet regime or an HFD, and their small-intestinal contents had been subjected to microbial 16S rDNA evaluation. Intestinal mucosal permeability was evaluated by FITC-dextran assay. The levels of bile acids inside the small-intestinal contents had been measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The expression of tight junction molecules, antimicrobial peptides, lipopolysaccharide and macrophage marker F4/80 within the tiny intestine and/or liver was examined by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The abundance of Lactobacillus was markedly elevated and that of Clostridium was D-Phenothrin manufacturer drastically decreased inside the small intestine of mice fed the HFD. The level of conjugated taurocholic acid was drastically increased and these of deconjugated cholic acid/secondary bile acids were conversely decreased within the small-intestinal contents. The expression of occludin, antimicrobial Reg III/ and IL-22 was drastically decreased within the modest intestine of HFD-fed mice, as well as the intestinal permeability was drastically accelerated. Infiltration of lipopolysaccharide was drastically increased in not simply the small-intestinal mucosa but also the liver of HFD-fed mice, and fat drops were apparently accumulated in the liver. Pathophysiological alteration in the luminal atmosphere inside the small intestine resulting from a HFD is closely associated with minimal inflammation involving the gut-liver axis via disturbance of small-intestinal mucosal integrity. Search phrases: high-fat diet program; compact intestine; microbiome; bile acid; barrierPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. 2′-Aminoacetophenone In Vitro Introduction Accumulating evidence has revealed that the gut microbiome plays pivotal roles inside the pathophysiology of various illnesses, for example inflammatory problems [1], metabolic syndromes or psychological issues affecting the entire physique [2]. Certainly, the gut microbiome is usually a crucial player within the pathophysiology with the gut-liver axis [3]. For example, alteration with the gut microbiome profile affects the intestinal mucosal barrier function and/or the immune technique [4], triggering inflammatory situations in not simply the int.
