Based protocols is since the search algorithm is able to much better
Based protocols is since the search algorithm is able to superior exploit longer pipelines.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,13 of10 km pipeline, two hops10 km pipeline, 4 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.4 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.6 0.4 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC14.15.16.17.t (s) 10 km pipeline, 10 hopst (s) 10 km pipeline, 20 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.6 0.four 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.four 0.two 0140LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s)t (s)Figure ten. Frame duration cdfs of LTDA-MAC with HD nodes, LTDA-MAC with FD nodes, and FD-LTDA-MAC for a 10 km pipeline.20 km pipeline, two hops20 km pipeline, four hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.4 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.four 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s) 20 km pipeline, ten hopst (s) 20 km pipeline, 20 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.6 0.four 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.6 0.four 0.two 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s)t (s)Figure 11. Frame duration cdfs of LTDA-MAC with HD nodes, LTDA-MAC with FD nodes, and FD-LTDA-MAC to get a 20 km pipeline.four.2. Medium Scale Scenarios: 50 and 100 km Pipelines In practice, pipelines span a number of hundreds to a huge number of kilometres, such as the Langeled pipeline in the North Sea measuring about 1200 km [6], as well as the 7200 km lengthy pipelines below the gulf of Mexico [37]. For underwater oil and gas pipeline monitoring, applications including leak detection call for timely sensor readings at certain intervals and demand a high resolution of sensed information. This motivates studying the deployment of FD-LTDA-MAC protocol in medium scale scenarios, so as to understand intermediate overall performance improvement and to track the improvement by understanding exactly where the optimum overall performance enhancement lies. The frame durations (Z)-Semaxanib web derived by FD-LTDA-MAC for 50 and 100 km pipelines with 25 and 50 hop configurations as observed in Figure 12 are of your range 104 s to 779 s, with all the reduce bound corresponding to the 25 hop case as well as the upper bound the 100 hop case. In comparison together with the frame durations ranging from 218 s to 4457 s and 144 s to 1192 s derived by LTDA-MAC and LTDA-MAC more than FD nodes, respectively, there is considerable reduction in the frame duration. The overall performance improvement as a ratio is often approximated as 1:1.4:two for the reduce bound and 1:two:six for the upper bound. Thus, LTDA-MAC performs poorly in medium scale Safranin Chemical scenariosAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,14 ofcompared to FD-LTDA-MAC. This implies FD-LTDA-MAC can achieve larger monitoring prices compared to LTDA-MAC and LTDA-MAC in FD. Moreover, the 25 and 50 hop scenarios for 50 and one hundred km pipelines, respectively, show that more common sensing along a pipeline can be achieved by FD-LTDA-MAC protocol having a two km sensing variety. The outcomes also indicate that the greedy optimisation algorithm in FD-LTDA-MAC can reach a better answer in longer pipelines with fullduplex capability. This is the cause why functionality improvement accomplished in medium scale scenarios is superior compared with smaller scale scenarios.50 km pipeline, 25 hops50 km pipeline, 50 hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.4 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MAC0.six 0.4 0.2 0LTDA-MAC with HD LTDA-MAC with FD FD-LTDA-MACt (s) 100 km pipeline, 50 hopst (s) one hundred km pipeline, one hundred hopst)t)0.0.P(frame durationP(frame duration0.six 0.four 0.2 0LTDA-MAC wit.
