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Salt-tolerant plants are able to grow and total their life cycle on a substrate that consists of higher concentrations of soluble salt. Plants have developed a wide spectrum of mechanisms to adapt to salt tension, such as regulating ion uptake and compartmentalization (selective accumulation or exclusion, compartmentalization in cells or organs, manage of uptake by roots), osmotic adjustment (accumulation of compatible FGFR Inhibitor drug solutes), enhancing antioxidant capacity (no cost radical scavenging), hormone modulation (complete metabolism regulation), and stomatal closure (growing water use efficiency) (Hasegawa et al., 2000; Parida and Das, 2005; Munns and Tester, 2008; Krasensky and Jonak, 2012; van Zelm et al., 2020). Recent work suggests that red plant pigments can also play a crucial part in salt tolerance (Polturak et al., 2018). Concentrations of anthocyanin, a form of red pigment commonly occurringCitation: Zhou Y, Karl T, Lewis DH, McGhie TK, Arathoon S, Davies KM, Ryan KG, Gould KS and Schwinn KE (2021) Production of Betacyanins in Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum Increases Tolerance to Salinity. Front. Plant Sci. 12:653147. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.orgApril 2021 | Volume 12 | ArticleZhou et al.Engineering Betacyanin Production for Salinity-Tolerancein plants, often increase substantially in vegetative shoots exposed to salt stress, and this has been linked with enhanced salinity tolerance. Salt treatment elevated PAR2 Formulation anthocyanin accumulation in wheat leaves, and wheat genotypes with higher anthocyanin content material were able to maintain drastically greater dry matter production just after salt anxiety therapy (Mbarki et al., 2018). Ectopic expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferase (UGT79B2/B3) significantly enhanced anthocyanin concentration and enhanced salt tolerance, with elevated plant antioxidant capacity thought to become the mechanism (Li et al., 2017). Similarly, overexpression from the Antirrhinum majus anthocyanin pathway transcriptional activators Delila or Rosea1 enhanced anthocyanin production in Nicotiana tabacum leaves and flowers, which improved salt tolerance by augmenting radical-scavenging activities (Naing et al., 2017, 2018). Betalains are a group of water-soluble pigments that include the red betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins. In plants, they take place solely amongst particular households inside the Caryophyllales, where they may be regarded as to replace the anthocyanins. Their base moiety is derived from tyrosine along with the core pathway is comprised of only a few enzymatic actions (Supplementary Figure 1), the genes for which have been identified (Strack et al., 2003; Christinet et al., 2004; Sasaki et al., 2005; Hatlestad et al., 2012; Polturak et al., 2016; Polturak and Aharoni, 2018). The accumulation of betacyanin pigments in vegetative tissue under salt strain has been observed in a range of species which includes Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Portulaca oleracea, Alternanthera philoxeroides, and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Casique-Arroyo et al., 2014; Ribeiro et al., 2014; Mulry et al., 2015; Oh et al., 2015), and has been correlated with induction of betalain biosynthetic gene expression (CasiqueArroyo et al., 2014). Probably the most studied species is Disphyma australe,.
