Ns such as GFAP and vimentin [46]. For preparing complex of siRNAs and atelocollagen, equal volumes of atelocollagen and solution of siRNAs (20 mM) were mixed in a plastic tube by rotating for 20 min at 4uC, the final concentration of each siRNA being 10 mM.order AKT inhibitor 2 Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll procedures used in this study were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of purchase Indolactam V Animal Experiments at the National Defense Medical College (the permit numbers; 10041).Animal Experimental ProceduresWe used female Sprague-Dawley rats (Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan) weighing 180?70 g in this work. The animals were housed one per cage after surgery and had free access to food and water except during periods of functional testing (see below). Before operation, they were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg animal weight).Delivery of siRNAs into Injured Spinal Tissue by Applying PMWsImmediately after making a severe spinal cord contusion injury in a rat as described above, a 50-ml solution of Alexa-Fluor 488labeled siRNA or scrambled siRNA or the same total volume of a mixture of siRNAs targeting GFAP (25 ml) and vimentin (25 ml) complexed with atelocollagen was intrathecally injected into several sites around the lesion through a Hamilton syringe with a 31-gauge needle (,10-min administration time). A laser-absorbing black rubber (target) was placed on the dura of the exposed injured spinal cord, for which ultrasound conductive jelly (Echo Jelly, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) was used to match the acoustic impedances of the target and spinal tissue. PMWs were generated in the same manner as for pressure measurements. In all experiments with siRNA delivery, irradiation laser parameters were fixed; the laser fluence and pulse number were 0.3 J/cm2 and 10, respectively [35].Generation and Measurement of PMWsAs a laser-absorbing material (target), a 5-mm-diameter, 0.5mm-thick black natural rubber disk was used. On top of the rubber sheet, a 1.0-mm-thick transparent polyethylene terephthalate sheet was bonded to confine laser-induced plasma, which can increase the peak pressure and pulse width of the PMWs generated [37]. PMWs were generated by irradiating the target with 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses (Brilliant b, Quantel, Les Ulis Cedex, France; pulse width, 6 ns FWHM). Pressure waveforms of PMWs were measured using a needletype Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 hydrophone with a 1.0-mm-diameter sensitive area (HNR-1000, Onda, Sunnyvale, CA). To evaluate theTreatment of SCI by PMW-Mediated siRNA DeliveryFigure 1. Measurement of the pressure characteristics of PMWs. (A) Schematic showing the setup for pressure measurement. (B) Temporal profiles of PMWs before and after propagation through the spinal column at a laser fluence of 0.3 J/cm2 with a 3-mm spot diameter. The thickness of the spinal matter was approximately 3 mm. Both profiles were dominated by positive pressure, suggesting low invasiveness of the pressure. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051744.gAnalysis of the Distribution of Fluorescence-labeled siRNAsDistributions of fluorescence-labeled siRNA and GFAP expression in sagittal sections of injured spinal cords were examined at five days after trauma for the three groups: (1) SCI alone, (2) SCI plus siRNA injection, and (3) SCI plus siRNA injection followed by application of 10 pulses of PMW generated at a laser fluence of 0.3 J/cm2. Rats were anesthetized and sacrificed at five days after injury by transcardial perfusion with 150.Ns such as GFAP and vimentin [46]. For preparing complex of siRNAs and atelocollagen, equal volumes of atelocollagen and solution of siRNAs (20 mM) were mixed in a plastic tube by rotating for 20 min at 4uC, the final concentration of each siRNA being 10 mM.Materials and Methods Ethics StatementAll procedures used in this study were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments at the National Defense Medical College (the permit numbers; 10041).Animal Experimental ProceduresWe used female Sprague-Dawley rats (Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan) weighing 180?70 g in this work. The animals were housed one per cage after surgery and had free access to food and water except during periods of functional testing (see below). Before operation, they were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg animal weight).Delivery of siRNAs into Injured Spinal Tissue by Applying PMWsImmediately after making a severe spinal cord contusion injury in a rat as described above, a 50-ml solution of Alexa-Fluor 488labeled siRNA or scrambled siRNA or the same total volume of a mixture of siRNAs targeting GFAP (25 ml) and vimentin (25 ml) complexed with atelocollagen was intrathecally injected into several sites around the lesion through a Hamilton syringe with a 31-gauge needle (,10-min administration time). A laser-absorbing black rubber (target) was placed on the dura of the exposed injured spinal cord, for which ultrasound conductive jelly (Echo Jelly, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) was used to match the acoustic impedances of the target and spinal tissue. PMWs were generated in the same manner as for pressure measurements. In all experiments with siRNA delivery, irradiation laser parameters were fixed; the laser fluence and pulse number were 0.3 J/cm2 and 10, respectively [35].Generation and Measurement of PMWsAs a laser-absorbing material (target), a 5-mm-diameter, 0.5mm-thick black natural rubber disk was used. On top of the rubber sheet, a 1.0-mm-thick transparent polyethylene terephthalate sheet was bonded to confine laser-induced plasma, which can increase the peak pressure and pulse width of the PMWs generated [37]. PMWs were generated by irradiating the target with 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses (Brilliant b, Quantel, Les Ulis Cedex, France; pulse width, 6 ns FWHM). Pressure waveforms of PMWs were measured using a needletype Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 hydrophone with a 1.0-mm-diameter sensitive area (HNR-1000, Onda, Sunnyvale, CA). To evaluate theTreatment of SCI by PMW-Mediated siRNA DeliveryFigure 1. Measurement of the pressure characteristics of PMWs. (A) Schematic showing the setup for pressure measurement. (B) Temporal profiles of PMWs before and after propagation through the spinal column at a laser fluence of 0.3 J/cm2 with a 3-mm spot diameter. The thickness of the spinal matter was approximately 3 mm. Both profiles were dominated by positive pressure, suggesting low invasiveness of the pressure. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051744.gAnalysis of the Distribution of Fluorescence-labeled siRNAsDistributions of fluorescence-labeled siRNA and GFAP expression in sagittal sections of injured spinal cords were examined at five days after trauma for the three groups: (1) SCI alone, (2) SCI plus siRNA injection, and (3) SCI plus siRNA injection followed by application of 10 pulses of PMW generated at a laser fluence of 0.3 J/cm2. Rats were anesthetized and sacrificed at five days after injury by transcardial perfusion with 150.
