consumption of both peas and beans leads to immune and allergic responses to aAI and pea lectin in mice, it is still not clear that these immune responses are biologically relevant for humans. In other words, it is not known whether these peas and beans would induce symptomatic allergic responses or indeed be relevant in human disease. These data derive from mice utilizing highly manipulative exposure regimens and therefore, do not provide definitive evidence that aAI peas would be allergenic in humans. Importantly, non-transgenic peas induced similar allergic responses compared to the transgenic peas. The reason for this response is related to cross-reactivity to another protein in peas. The response in this study to aAI in non-transgenic peas and beans is difficult to reconcile with the lack of response in Prescott et al. Moreover, bean allergies in patients are rare. This study emphasizes the importance of repeat experiments in independent laboratories and illustrates that unexpected cross-reactive allergic responses upon consumption of plant products can occur in mice. We recommend that the use of mouse models for testing GMO allergenicity needs to be carefully evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Progressive MCE Company 146368-14-1 impairment of pancreatic b-cell function and decline in b-cell mass result in relative or absolute insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia, the primary basis of all diabetic manifestations. Therefore, strategies that can induce b-cell regeneration have the potential to cure diabetes. Glucagon like peptide- 1 is released from the intestinal enteroendocrine L cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP-1 exerts pleiotropic actions in pancreatic α-Amino-1H-indole-3-acetic acid islets that include stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion from b-cells, suppressing glucagon release from a-cells, enhancing b-cell proliferation, and preventing b-cell apoptosis. However, GLP-1 is rapidly degraded and inactivated by dipeptidylpeptidase- IV, a serine protease present in soluble form in circulation. Thus, inhibition of DPP-IV leads to an increase in circulating levels of endogenous bioactive GLP-1. DPP-IV inhibitors, such as sitagliptin, play a major role in preventing degradation of endogenous active GLP-1 and are being assessed extensively in clinical settings for their long-term effica
