patients who subsequently had a full clinical response to the antidepressant medication fluoxetine. The structural neuroanatomy of depression has significant potential as a prognostic marker of treatment response with antidepressant medication. In contrast, the structural neuroanatomy showed limited potential as a diagnostic measure for depression. The findings support functional and structural neuroimaging studies implicating the anterior cingulate cortex as a marker of clinical response to antidepressant medication, but also identified a more widespread network which included the posterior cingulate. The anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are strongly Lonafarnib interconnected, and their functions are complementary with the anterior cingulate subserving executive functions linked to emotional and autonomic responses while the posterior cingulate has a more evaluative role that is postulated to direct activity in the anterior cingulate. The data also point to a more widespread network of regions which are predictive of clinical response, including the hippocampus which may reflect stress-induced neuroplastic changes. In particular, the present study suggests that grey matter density in a set of regions predicts how well an individual patient will respond to antidepressant treatment. In contrast, whole brain functional responses to sad faces showed high predictive potential to CBT treatment. Regions important for individual diagnosis have been featured within the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic loops, which include the medial and orbital prefrontal cortices, amygdala, hippocampus, medial thalamus, and striatum, and cortico-cortical circuits from the medial prefrontal cortex connecting the parahippocampus, posterior cingulate and superior temporal cortices. In depression, volumetric and cellular deficits have most consistently been identified in the hippocampus, but as well in the anterior and posterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, lateral temporal and ATL-962 occipital cortices, and amygdala. However, the structural neuroanatomy only showed limited potential for diagnosis, suggesting that structural abnormalities in depression are slight in contrast to other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Instead, fun
