ems, agent-based modeling an alternative, more intuitive, approach has been explored. ABM is an object-oriented, rule-based, and discrete modeling method where interactions between agents are nonlinear, stochastic, spatial, and are described by asynchronous movements through multiple compartments. The usefulness and applicability of ABMs vary but some have been applied to immunological problems and findings derived from these models generated a lot of insights into the interactions 24900801 and dynamics at the cellular level in immune responses. For example, Jenkins and colleagues investigated B-T cell interactions in the absence of directed cell chemotaxis during the first 50 hr of a primary immune response to an antigen; Gary An and coworkers have pioneered many ABMs to evaluate the dynamics of the innate immune response, the efficacy of proposed interventions for SIRS/ multiple organ failure , and the dynamics of the TLR4 signal transduction cascade to study LPS 
preconditioning and dose-dependent effects. Furthermore, they also developed a basic immune simulator to qualitatively examine the interactions between innate and adaptive interactions of the immune responses to a viral infection. In addition, there are a variety of successful agent-based simulators that have been constructed as frameworks for immunology/disease understanding and exploration e.g. IMMSIM, SIMMUNE, CyCells. In this study, we developed an ABM to investigate the cellular variability through the interactions and dynamics of inflammatory cytokines in acute inflammatory responses following endotoxin administration. The model naturally incorporates key biological features and physicochemical properties of biological molecules. While in previous studies we focused on the possibility of modeling the transcriptional dynamics of cellular responses, we here attempt to Talampanel capture stochastic variation in the transcriptional process, one of the key factors leading to phenotypic variation in addition to genetic and environmental variability. Because stochasticity is an inherent property of agent interactions, non-genetic cell-to-cell variability originated from stochastic variance is captured by our proposed model. Therefore, elucidating the relationship between the behaviors measured at the singlecell level and those measured in a population of cells is among the aims of our 10604956 study in order to provide insight into the host inflammatory response under different external stimuli. We first construct a homeostatic model of components involved in the response to human endotoxemia using the agent-based approach. Novel heuristics are proposed regarding parameter tuning with process trending analysis techniques and time-scale estimation by mapping in silico system behaviors to in vivo transcriptional responses. Inevitably there is a level of abstraction in the simulation when representing biological events using the indirect response modeling technique and thus the model is validated through its ability to capture in vivo transcriptional responses and reproduce circadian rhythms. A critical contribution of our work is the assessment of cellular variability derived from stochastic variation in biological events, especially in transcriptional processes. By proposing a novel hypothetical measurement Fvar derived from the balance distribution of proand anti-inflammatory mediators in the population of leukocytes, we extract information content conveyed by cell-to-cell variability. Sensitivity analysi
