That increased PGE2 production does not explain diabetes-accelerated atherogenesis. Aortic levels of Relugolix site Ptger1-4 were not significantly altered by diabetes or myeloid cell EP4-deficiency (Fig 6K?N), indicating that neither diabetes nor myeloid cell EP4 affect smooth muscle cell expression of PGE2 receptors.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316 June 28,12 /EP4, Diabetes, Inflammation and AtherosclerosisFig 6. Myeloid cell EP4-deficiency modulates macrophage cytokines in diabetic mice, but does not impact aortic atherosclerosis. At the end of the study, resident peritoneal macrophages were collected from the four groups of mice, and mRNA levels of Ptger4 (A), Il6 (B), Tnfa (C), Ccr7 (D), Ptger1 (E), Ptger2 (F), and Ptger3 (G) were PD98059 cost determined by real-time PCR. Aortic lesion area was measured on en face preparations stained with Sudan IV (H-I). Images of the thoracic aortas are shown in H. The results are presented and mean ?SEM. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in A-G, I (n = 11?2 in A-D; 9?5 in I). Statistical outliers were identified by Grubbs’ test and excluded from data analysis (one outlier in D and E, two outliers in B and F, and three outliers in C), * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.00. Correlation between plasma PGE metabolite levels and aortic lesion area in diabetic mice was evaluated by Spearman correlation (J). The analysis included 25 mice; 12 wildtype mice and 13 EP4M-/- mice. White symbols, WT mice; gray symbols EP4M-/- mice. Aortic mRNA levels of Ptger1-4 were measured in 4? mice/group at the end of the experiment (K-N). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316.gAortic sinus lesions were used to evaluate effects of EP4-deficiency on lesion morphology. Overall, lesions were large and complex at this site (Fig 7A?D). First, the effect of diabetes and myeloid cell EP4-deficiency on lesional macrophage and smooth muscle cell content was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (Fig 7E and 7F). Diabetes resulted in an overall reduction in sinus lesion area in both wildtype and EP4M-/- mice (Fig 7G). However, the relative lesional area occupied by macrophages was increased in both groups of diabetic mice, with no significant effect on lesional smooth muscle cell content (Fig 7H and 7I). This appears to bePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316 June 28,13 /EP4, Diabetes, Inflammation and AtherosclerosisFig 7. Myeloid cell EP4-deficiency does not impact atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus. Representative aortic sinus lesion cross-sections stained with a Movat's pentachrome stain from the four groups of mice are shown (A-D). Adjacent sections were immunostained for macrophages (using an anti-Mac-2 antibody; E) and smooth muscle cells (using a smooth muscle -actin antibody; F). Cross-sectional lesion area (G), Mac-2-positive lesion area (H) and smooth muscle-positive lesion area (I) was quantified. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA. (J-N) Twenty-four crosssections/mouse were scored for presence or absence of left coronary sinus lesional necrotic cores and cholesterol clefts (J-K). Frequency of macrophage-rich lesions were scored for the three sinus lesions; left coronary (LC), right coronary (RC) and non-coronary (NC) (L-N). The results are presented and mean ?SEM. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (n = 8?5). There were no significant differences between the four groups. ND, non-diabetic; D, diabetic. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316.gconsistent with previous studies show.That increased PGE2 production does not explain diabetes-accelerated atherogenesis. Aortic levels of Ptger1-4 were not significantly altered by diabetes or myeloid cell EP4-deficiency (Fig 6K?N), indicating that neither diabetes nor myeloid cell EP4 affect smooth muscle cell expression of PGE2 receptors.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316 June 28,12 /EP4, Diabetes, Inflammation and AtherosclerosisFig 6. Myeloid cell EP4-deficiency modulates macrophage cytokines in diabetic mice, but does not impact aortic atherosclerosis. At the end of the study, resident peritoneal macrophages were collected from the four groups of mice, and mRNA levels of Ptger4 (A), Il6 (B), Tnfa (C), Ccr7 (D), Ptger1 (E), Ptger2 (F), and Ptger3 (G) were determined by real-time PCR. Aortic lesion area was measured on en face preparations stained with Sudan IV (H-I). Images of the thoracic aortas are shown in H. The results are presented and mean ?SEM. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test in A-G, I (n = 11?2 in A-D; 9?5 in I). Statistical outliers were identified by Grubbs' test and excluded from data analysis (one outlier in D and E, two outliers in B and F, and three outliers in C), * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.00. Correlation between plasma PGE metabolite levels and aortic lesion area in diabetic mice was evaluated by Spearman correlation (J). The analysis included 25 mice; 12 wildtype mice and 13 EP4M-/- mice. White symbols, WT mice; gray symbols EP4M-/- mice. Aortic mRNA levels of Ptger1-4 were measured in 4? mice/group at the end of the experiment (K-N). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316.gAortic sinus lesions were used to evaluate effects of EP4-deficiency on lesion morphology. Overall, lesions were large and complex at this site (Fig 7A?D). First, the effect of diabetes and myeloid cell EP4-deficiency on lesional macrophage and smooth muscle cell content was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (Fig 7E and 7F). Diabetes resulted in an overall reduction in sinus lesion area in both wildtype and EP4M-/- mice (Fig 7G). However, the relative lesional area occupied by macrophages was increased in both groups of diabetic mice, with no significant effect on lesional smooth muscle cell content (Fig 7H and 7I). This appears to bePLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316 June 28,13 /EP4, Diabetes, Inflammation and AtherosclerosisFig 7. Myeloid cell EP4-deficiency does not impact atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus. Representative aortic sinus lesion cross-sections stained with a Movat's pentachrome stain from the four groups of mice are shown (A-D). Adjacent sections were immunostained for macrophages (using an anti-Mac-2 antibody; E) and smooth muscle cells (using a smooth muscle -actin antibody; F). Cross-sectional lesion area (G), Mac-2-positive lesion area (H) and smooth muscle-positive lesion area (I) was quantified. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA. (J-N) Twenty-four crosssections/mouse were scored for presence or absence of left coronary sinus lesional necrotic cores and cholesterol clefts (J-K). Frequency of macrophage-rich lesions were scored for the three sinus lesions; left coronary (LC), right coronary (RC) and non-coronary (NC) (L-N). The results are presented and mean ?SEM. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (n = 8?5). There were no significant differences between the four groups. ND, non-diabetic; D, diabetic. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158316.gconsistent with previous studies show.
